Existing law establishes an accidental release prevention program implemented by the Office of Emergency Services and the appropriate administering agency, as defined, in each city or county. Under existing law, stationary sources subject to this accidental release prevention program are required to prepare a risk management plan (RMP) when required under certain federal regulations or if the administering agency determines there is a significant likelihood that the use of regulated substances by a stationary source may pose a regulated substances accident risk. Under existing law, the RMP is required to be submitted to the California Environmental Protection Agency and to the administering agency. Existing law imposes criminal penalties upon a stationary source that knowingly violates requirements of the accidental release prevention program. This bill would require an owner or operator of a stationary source that is engaged in certain activities with regard to petroleum and with one or more covered processes that is required to prepare and submit an RMP, when contracting for the performance of construction, alteration, demolition, installation, repair, or maintenance work at the stationary source, to require that its contractors and any subcontractors use a skilled and trained workforce to perform all onsite work within an apprenticeable occupation in the building and construction trades, including skilled journeypersons paid at least a rate equivalent to the applicable prevailing hourly wage rate. The bill would not apply to oil and gas extraction operations. Because the bill would make a knowing violation of these requirements a crime, and would otherwise impose new duties upon local agencies administering the program, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program. This bill would require the Chief of the Division of Apprenticeship Standards of the Department of Industrial Relations to approve a curriculum of in-person classroom and laboratory instruction for approved advanced safety training for workers at high hazard facilities by January 1, 2016. The bill would define terms for purposes of the bill. The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement. This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for specified reasons.
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The County Employees Retirement Law of 1937 authorizes counties to establish retirement systems, as specified, in order to provide pension benefits to county, city, and district employees. The California Constitution confers upon the retirement boards of public retirement systems plenary authority and fiduciary responsibility for the investment of moneys of those systems. Existing law authorizes the Board of Administration of the Public Employees' Retirement System and the Teachers' Retirement Board of the State Teachers' Retirement System, consistent with their fiduciary duties and the standard for prudent investment, to prioritize investment in an in-state infrastructure project over a comparable out-of-state infrastructure project. This bill would extend the authorization to prioritize investment in an in-state infrastructure project, as described above, to the board of retirement or the board of investments of a retirement system established pursuant to the County Employees Retirement Law of 1937.
Existing law requires the Board of Administration of the Public Employees' Retirement System to administer the Public Employees' Medical and Hospital Care Act. Existing law permits a contracting agency to elect to be subject to the act for its employees and annuitants, provided that the contracting agency and each employee or annuitant contribute a portion of the cost of providing the benefit coverage, as specified. Under this formulation, the employer contribution for the contracting agency begins at 10 years of service and reaches 100% of a specified amount when the employee attains 20 years of credited service, with certain exceptions. Existing law provides alternate formulations for specified contracting agencies. This bill would provide an additional exception by requiring the employer contribution for postretirement health benefit coverage for an annuitant of the Sacramento Metropolitan Fire District who retires on or after the effective date of a memorandum or resolution related to employer contributions, to be based on a revised formula in which the employer contribution begins at 5 years of service, instead of 10 and would reach 100% of a specified amount if the annuitant attained 20 years of credited service, with certain exceptions. The bill would require that the Sacramento Metropolitan Fire District provide to the board a specified notification and any additional information requested by the board that the board deems necessary to implement the section. The bill would exempt from the formulation described annuitants who have retired for disability or who have retired for service with 20 or more years of service with the Sacramento Metropolitan Fire District, as specified. This bill would apply only to employees hired on or after December 1, 2011.
The State Civil Service Act authorizes state agencies to use personal services contracts if prescribed conditions are met. The act, with regard to personal services contracts permissible to achieve cost savings when certain conditions are met, requires the agency to notify the State Personnel Board of its intention to enter into such a contract and requires the board to contact all organizations that represent state employees who perform the type of work to be contracted. The act also makes personal services contracts permissible under other specified conditions, without regard to cost savings. The act requires the board, at the request of an employee organization that represents state employees, to review the adequacy of a proposed or executed personal services contract, as specified. This bill would amend the act to prohibit the execution of those proposed personal services contracts permissible under specified conditions, without regard to cost savings, until the state agency proposing to execute the contract has notified all organizations that represent state employees who perform the type of work to be contracted. The bill would require the Department of General Services to establish a process to certify that notification.
Existing law prohibits specified persons, including persons convicted of specified crimes, persons addicted to the use of any narcotic drug, certain probationers, and persons against whom specified restraining orders or injunctions apply, from possessing a firearm. Under existing law a violation of these provisions is justified if the person possessed the firearm no longer than was necessary to deliver or transport the firearm to a law enforcement agency for that agency's disposition according to law, if certain requirements are met. Existing law allows a firearm that is in the custody of a law enforcement agency to be sold or transferred to a licensed dealer if the law enforcement agency determines that the legal owner of the firearm is prohibited from possessing the firearm. Existing law requires that a person prohibited from possessing a firearm pursuant to certain provisions of law to be notified and provided with a form to facilitate the transfer of firearms. Existing law requires the Judicial Council to provide notice on all protective orders that the respondent is prohibited from possessing a firearm while the protective order is in effect and that the firearm shall be relinquished to a local law enforcement agency or a licensed firearms dealer. This bill would allow anyone who is prohibited from owning or possessing a firearm pursuant to the above provisions or any other provision of law to transfer any firearm or firearms in his or her possession, or of which he or she is the owner, to a licensed firearms dealer for the duration of the prohibition if the prohibition on owning or possessing the firearm will expire on a date specified in the court order. The bill would require a firearms dealer who stores a firearm under these circumstances to notify the Department of Justice of the date that the dealer has taken possession of the firearm, and would also require the Attorney General to maintain a record of this information. The bill would make conforming changes to the above provisions. Because the bill would impose certain requirements on local agencies relating to the transfer of firearms to a licensed firearms dealer, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program. This bill would incorporate additional changes to Section 11106 of the Penal Code, proposed by AB 500 and SB 53, that would become operative only if this bill and either or both of those bills are chaptered and become effective January 1, 2014, and this bill is chaptered last. The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement. This bill would provide that, if the Commission on State Mandates determines that the bill contains costs mandated by the state, reimbursement for those costs shall be made pursuant to these statutory provisions.
(1) Existing law, subject to specified exceptions, makes it a crime to openly carry an exposed, unloaded handgun outside a vehicle in specified public places. Existing law exempts from this crime, in part, the open carrying of an unloaded handgun at an auction or similar event for a nonprofit public benefit or mutual benefit corporation, if the handgun is to be auctioned or sold for the nonprofit public benefit or mutual benefit corporation, and the handgun is delivered by a person licensed by existing law. This bill would make technical, nonsubstantive changes to these provisions. (2) Existing law, subject to specified exceptions, including use by a member of a club or organization organized for the purpose of practicing shooting at targets upon established target ranges while the members are using handguns upon the target ranges or incident to the use of a firearm that is not a handgun at that target range, makes it a crime for a person to carry an unloaded firearm that is not a handgun outside a vehicle while in an incorporated city or city and county. This bill would clarify that the exception applies to members of a shooting organization while the members are using firearms that are not handguns upon the target ranges and would make additional technical changes. (3) Existing law prohibits a person from selling, leasing, or transferring a firearm unless the person is issued a license. Existing law provides for specified exemptions to that licensing requirement, including the sale, delivery, or transfer of a firearm by a law enforcement agency to a peace officer or retiring peace officer, as specified. This bill would also exempt from the licensing requirement the sale, delivery, or transfer of a firearm if made by an authorized law enforcement representative of a city, county, city and county, or of the state or federal government, to a licensed firearms dealer, a wholesaler, or a licensed manufacturer or importer of firearms or ammunition, if certain specified requirements are met. If the authorized law enforcement representative sells, delivers, or transfers a firearm to a licensed firearms dealer, the bill would require the governmental agency to enter a record of the delivery into the Automated Firearms Systems (AFS) via the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (CLETS) within 10 days. (4) Existing law imposes various other restrictions on the sale, delivery, or transfer of firearms. Existing law excludes from those provisions the sale, delivery, or transfer of firearms made to an authorized law enforcement representative of a city, county, city and county, or of the state or federal government for exclusive use by that governmental agency, if certain conditions are met. Existing law provides that within 10 days of the date a firearm is acquired by the agency, a record shall be entered as an institutional weapon into the AFS via the CLETS. This bill would require an agency that subsequently destroys that weapon to enter information that the weapon has been destroyed into the AFS via the CLETS within 10 days of destruction. (5) Existing law provides that when neither party to a firearms transaction holds a dealer's license, the parties to the transaction are required to complete the sale, loan, or transfer of that firearm through a firearms dealer, except as specified. This bill would exclude from those provisions the sale, delivery, or transfer of a firearm if made by an authorized law enforcement representative of a city, county, city and county, or of the state or federal government if certain specified conditions are met, including that the sale, delivery, or transfer is made to a wholesaler, or a licensed manufacturer, or importer of firearms or ammunition. The bill would require the agency to enter a record of the delivery into the AFS via the CLETS within 10 days. (6) Existing law requires the register or record of an electronic or telephonic transfer of a firearm to include specified information, including information on certain waiting period exemptions, including a dealer waiting period exemption, and requires the firearms dealer to record on the register or record the date that the firearm is delivered. A violation of those provisions is a misdemeanor. This bill instead would require the register or record to include any applicable waiting period exemption information. By expanding the scope of a crime, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program. The bill would also require the register or record to include a statement that the Department of Justice shall furnish the purchaser with any information reported to the department relating to the purchaser's ownership of the firearm, that the purchaser is entitled to file a report of his or her acquisition of the firearm, and of instructions for accessing the department's Internet Web site for more information. The bill would require the firearms dealer to record his or her signature indicating delivery of the firearm, and would require the purchaser to sign the register or record on the date that the firearm is delivered to the purchaser. (7) Existing law requires the purchaser of a firearm to present evidence to the dealer of the person's identity and age, and requires the transaction to be recorded by the dealer in a register or record of telephonic or electronic transfer. Existing law requires a dealer, upon request only, to provide a copy of the register or record of the transaction to the purchaser, and, for a private party transaction, requires the dealer, upon request, to provide the seller or purchaser with a copy of the register or record, as specified. This bill instead would require the dealer to provide a copy of those documents to the purchaser at the time of delivery of the firearm after the dealer notes the date of delivery and the dealer's signature indicating delivery of the firearm, and the dealer and purchaser acknowledge the receipt of the firearm. The bill, for private party transactions, would require the dealer to provide a copy of the register or record to the seller at the time that the register or record is signed by the seller. (8) Existing law prohibits a person from purchasing or receiving a handgun, except an antique firearm, without a valid handgun safety certificate, and further prohibits a person from selling, delivering, loaning, or transferring a handgun to a person who does not possess a valid handgun safety certificate, except as specified. This bill would exclude the sale, delivery, or transfer of a firearm by an authorized law enforcement representative of a city, county, city and county, or of the state or federal government if certain conditions are met, including that the sale, delivery, or transfer is made to one of specified persons and entities. (9) The bill would make conforming changes. (10) This bill would incorporate changes to Section 28160 of the Penal Code proposed by SB 683 that would become operative if this bill and SB 683 are both chaptered and this bill is chaptered last. (11) The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement. This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason.
(1) Existing law requires the Fish and Game Commission, by July 1, 2008, to establish by regulation a public process to certify centerfire rifle and pistol ammunition as nonlead ammunition, and to define by regulation nonlead ammunition as including only centerfire rifle and pistol ammunition in which there is no lead content. Existing law requires the commission to establish and annually update a list of certified centerfire rifle and pistol ammunition. Existing law requires that nonlead centerfire rifle and pistol ammunition, as determined by the commission, be used when taking big game with a rifle or pistol, as defined by the Department of Fish and Wildlife's hunting regulations, and when taking coyote, within specified deer hunting zones, but excluding specific counties and areas. A violation of these provisions is a crime. Existing law requires the commission to establish a process, to the extent that funding is available, that will provide hunters in these specified deer hunting zones with nonlead ammunition at no or reduced charge. This bill would instead require, as soon as is practicable, but by no later than July 1, 2019, the use of nonlead ammunition for the taking of all wildlife, including game mammals, game birds, nongame birds, and nongame mammals, with any firearm. The bill would require the commission to certify, by regulation, nonlead ammunition for these purposes. The bill would require that the list of certified ammunition include any federally approved nontoxic shotgun ammunition. The bill would make conforming changes. The bill would provide that these provisions do not apply to government officials or their agents when carrying out a statutory duty required by law. The bill would require the commission to promulgate regulations by July 1, 2015, that phase in the requirements of these provisions. The bill would require that these requirements be fully implemented statewide by no later than July 1, 2019. The bill would require the commission to implement any of these requirements that can be implemented practicably, in whole or in part, in advance of July 1, 2019. The bill would also require that the commission not reduce or eliminate any existing regulatory restrictions on the use of lead ammunition in California condor range, as described, unless or until the additional requirements for use of nonlead ammunition as required by these provisions are implemented. By expanding and changing the definition of a crime, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program. (2) Existing federal law restricts the importing, manufacturing, or sale of armor-piercing ammunition, as specified. This bill would temporarily suspend the required use of nonlead ammunition for a specific hunting season and caliber upon a finding by the Director of Fish and Wildlife that nonlead ammunition of a specific caliber is not commercially available from any manufacturer because of federal prohibitions relating to armor-piercing ammunition. The bill would require, notwithstanding a suspension, that nonlead ammunition be used when taking big game mammals, nongame birds, or nongame mammals in the California condor range. (3) The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement. This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason.
Existing law requires the California Building Standards Commission to codify all building standards of adopting agencies or state agencies that propose the building standards and statutes defining building standards into one California Building Standards Code. Existing law requires the commission to publish, or cause to be published, editions of the building standards code in its entirety once every 3 years. This bill would state the intent of the Legislature that all primary care clinics, including primary care clinics that provide abortion services, be subject to the same licensing and building standards. The bill would require the commission, in conjunction with the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) , to repeal a specific provision of the 2013 Triennial Edition of the Building Standards Code, as soon as possible. The bill would grant OSHPD emergency regulatory authority to implement these provisions, and would make these regulations permanent without further regulatory action. The bill would require the State Department of Public Health, no later than July 1, 2014, to repeal certain regulations relating to abortion services in primary care clinics.
(1) Existing law, the 21st Century High School After School Safety and Enrichment for Teens program, referred to as High School ASSETs program, provides for the establishment of a high school after-school program that consists of an academic assistance element and an enrichment element. In selecting grantees to participate in the program, existing law requires the State Department of Education to consider specified criteria and requires an applicant to certify in the application, among other things, the inclusion of a nutritional snack and a physical activity element. This bill instead would require an applicant to certify in the application, among other things, the inclusion of a nutritional snack, meal, or both, and a physical activity element. (2) Existing law, the After School Education and Safety Program Act of 2002, enacted by initiative statute, establishes the After School Education and Safety Program to serve pupils in kindergarten and grades 1 to 9, inclusive, and requires an entity that applies to operate a program to agree that snacks made available by the program conform to specified nutrition standards. The act requires an applicant to certify in the application, among other things, the inclusion of a nutritional snack. This bill would also require an entity that applies to operate a program to agree that meals made available by the program conform to specified federal nutrition standards. The bill instead would require an applicant to certify in the application, among other things, the inclusion of a nutritional snack, meal, or both. The act authorizes the Legislature to amend certain of its provisions to further its purposes by majority vote of each house. This bill would set forth a legislative finding and declaration that the bill's provisions further the purposes of the act. (3) Existing law requires a minimum of 50% of the items offered for sale each schoolday during regular school hours, as specified, be selected from a specified list including, among others, milk and dairy products and nonconfection grain products. This bill would repeal these provisions. (4) Existing law authorizes the governing board of any school district to establish cafeterias in the schools under its jurisdiction and authorizes the moneys received for the sale of food or for any services performed by the cafeterias to be paid into the county treasury to the credit of the cafeteria fund of the particular school district. Existing law requires the cafeteria fund to be used only for those expenditures authorized by the governing board of a school district as necessary for the operation of school cafeterias, including, but not limited to, expenditures for the lease or purchase of additional cafeteria equipment for the central food processing plant. Existing law authorizes the governing board of a school district to also make expenditures from the cafeteria fund for the construction, alteration, or improvement of a central food processing plant, for the installation of additional cafeteria equipment for the central food processing plant, and for the lease or purchase of vehicles used primarily in connection with the central food processing plant. Existing law also authorizes the governing board of a school district to authorize the establishment of one or more cafeteria revolving accounts whenever a cafeteria fund is operated. This bill would instead include as an authorized expenditure of the cafeteria fund expenditures for the lease or purchase of additional equipment for the kitchen or central food processing plant. The bill would instead authorize the governing board of a school district to make expenditures from the cafeteria fund for the purchase and installation of additional preparation, cooking, or service equipment for a kitchen or central food processing plant, including necessary alterations as specified, and for the lease or purchase of vehicles used solely in connection with the kitchen or central food processing plant. The bill would repeal the authority of the governing board of a school district to create one or more cafeteria revolving accounts. (5) Existing law requires the cost of housing and equipping cafeterias to be a charge against the funds of the school district except that the governing board of a school district is authorized to make the cost of the lease or purchase of additional cafeteria equipment for a central food processing plant, and of vending machines and their installation and housing, a charge against cafeteria funds if the governing board of the school district deems it necessary. Existing law also authorizes the governing board of a school district, if school district funds are expended for the lease or purchase of additional cafeteria equipment for a central food processing plant, or for the lease, purchase, installation, or housing of vending machines, to reimburse school district funds from cafeteria funds within 5 years after the expenditure. This bill would instead require the cost of providing adequate housing for cafeterias, including, but not limited to, kitchen facilities, to be a charge against the funds of the school district. The bill would require the cost of the lease or purchase of cafeteria equipment and of vending machines and their installation and housing to be a charge against cafeteria funds. However, the governing board of a school district would be authorized to make the cost of the lease or purchase of cafeteria equipment for a kitchen or central food processing plant a charge against the funds of the school district if the governing board of the school district deems it necessary. The bill would also authorize the governing board of the school district, if school district funds are expended for the lease or purchase of kitchen equipment, or for the lease, purchase, installation, or housing of vending machines, as specified, to reimburse school district funds from cafeteria funds during the same fiscal year. The bill would require the governing board of a school district to only approve reimbursement for vending machines if specified conditions apply. Existing law authorizes the governing board of a school district to make the cost of maintenance of the physical plant used in connection with cafeterias, the cost of replacement of equipment, and the cost of telephone charges, water, electricity, gas, coal, wood, fuel oil, and garbage disposal a charge against the funds of the school district. This bill would instead authorize the governing board of a school district to make the cost of maintenance of kitchen facilities and the cost of replacement or maintenance of kitchen equipment a charge against cafeteria funds, and would add the costs of providing drinking water in the cafeteria a charge against cafeteria funds. (6) Existing law, the Pupil Nutrition, Health, and Achievement Act of 2001, requires each elementary school to sell only certain foods to a pupil during the schoolday, except for food items sold as part of a school fundraising event, if the items are sold by pupils of the school and the sale of those items either takes place away from school premises or takes place at least 12 hour after the end of the schoolday. Existing law defines "sold" and "full meal" for purposes of those provisions. This bill would instead make those provisions applicable from 12 hour before the start of the schoolday to 12 hour after the schoolday, and would include individually sold dairy or whole grain foods among the list of foods that may be sold. The bill would revise the requirements for the sale of food at school fundraising events by deleting the requirement that the items be sold by pupils. The bill would also revise the definition of "sold" and "full meal" for purposes of those provisions. (7) Existing law, and excluding food served as part of a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) meal program, requires snacks and entrée items sold to a pupil in middle, junior, or high school to meet specified nutritional standards, and requires entrée items to also be categorized as entrée items in the School Breakfast Program or National School Lunch Program. Existing law authorizes the sale of food items that do not comply with these provisions in specific circumstances, including, but not limited to, if the sale of those items occurs during a school-sponsored pupil activity after the end of the schoolday. This bill would apply these restrictions to the sale of snacks and entrées to a pupil in middle school or high school from 12 hour before the start of the schoolday to 12 hour after the schoolday, and would remove the requirement that entrée items be categorized as entrée items in the School Breakfast Program or National School Lunch Program. The bill would also repeal the authority of a middle school or high school to permit the sale of food items that do not comply with the specified nutritional standards if the sale of those items occurs during a school-sponsored pupil activity after the end of the schoolday. (8) Existing law requires beverages that are sold to a pupil at an elementary school to meet specified nutritional standards, unless the school authorizes the items to be sold by pupils of the school as part of a fundraising event, and the sale of those items either takes place away from school premises or takes place 12 hour or more after the end of the schoolday. This bill would delete 2%-fat milk from the specified nutritional standards and would delete the provision requiring the items to be sold by pupils of the school. (9) Existing law requires that only beverages that meet specified nutritional standards may be sold to a pupil at a middle or junior high school from 12 hour before the start of the schoolday to 12 hour after the end of the schoolday. Existing law authorizes a middle or junior high school to permit the sale of beverages that do not meet the specified nutritional standards as part of a school event if the sale of those items occurs during a school-sponsored event and takes place at the location of the event at least 12 hour after the end of the schoolday and vending machines, pupil stores, and cafeterias are used later then 12 hour after the end of the schoolday. This bill would delete 2%-fat milk from the specified nutritional standards and would require that only beverages that meet the same specified nutritional standards may be sold to a pupil at a high school for 12 hour before the start of the schoolday to 12 hour after the end of the schoolday. The bill would also authorize a middle school or high school to permit the sale of beverages that do not meet specified nutritional standards as part of a school event if either the sale of those items takes place away from the premises of the school or the sale of those items takes place on school premises at least 12 hour after the end of the schoolday. (10) Existing law prohibits a school or school district, during school hours and 12 hour before and after school hours, through a vending machine or school food service establishment, as defined, from making available to pupils enrolled in kindergarten, or grades 1 to 12, inclusive, food containing artificial trans fat, as defined, or use food containing artificial trans fat in the preparation of a food item served to those pupils unless the food is provided as part of a USDA meal program. This bill would instead prohibit a school or school district, from 12 hour before the start of the schoolday to 12 hour after the end of the schoolday, from selling to pupils enrolled in kindergarten, or grades 1 to 12, inclusive, food containing artificial trans fat, as defined, unless the food is provided as part of a USDA meal program. (11) Existing law requires the State Department of Education to establish a 3-year pilot program related to the Pupil Nutrition, Health, and Achievement Act of 2001, commencing in the fall of the 2002–03 school year, in which a total of not less than 10 high schools, middle schools, or any combination of high schools and middle schools that apply are selected to participate. This bill would repeal the provisions related to the pilot program. (12) Existing law authorizes the Superintendent of Public Instruction to monitor school districts for compliance with the Pupil Nutrition, Health, and Achievement Act of 2001, and requires each school district so monitored to report to the Superintendent in the coordinated review effort regarding the extent of the school district's compliance. Existing law requires a school district found to be noncompliant with certain provisions of that act to adopt a corrective action plan, as specified. This bill would repeal those provisions and require that compliance with the act be monitored by the State Department of Education in conformity with the USDA's administrative review process, as specified. (13) This bill would also make conforming and nonsubstantive changes to these provisions.
Existing law provides for the licensure and regulation of health care service plans by the Department of Managed Health Care. Existing law provides for the regulation of health insurers by the Department of Insurance. Existing law requires health care service plan contracts and health insurance policies to provide benefits for specified conditions, including coverage for behavioral health treatment, as defined, for pervasive developmental disorder or autism, except as specified. A willful violation of these provisions with respect to health care service plans is a crime. These provisions are inoperative on July 1, 2014, and are repealed on January 1, 2015. This bill would extend the operation of these provisions until January 1, 2017. By extending the operation of provisions establishing crimes, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program. The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement. This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason.