Budget & Taxes

The PREEMIE Reauthorization Act of 2025 extends federal research funding for preterm birth prevention and care through fiscal years 2025-2029, replacing the prior 2019-2023 period. It requires the HHS Secretary to establish an interagency working group within 18 months and mandates a National Academies study on preterm birth costs, risk factors, and prevention strategies. The study must assess neonatal intensive care costs, long-term family expenses, and opportunities for early detection and support. It also analyzes targeted research for at-risk pregnancies, state program best practices, and precision medicine approaches starting in pregnancy. This bill directly affects preterm infants, their families, and federal health agencies through these research and coordination mechanisms.

This bill directs the USDA to fund research on wildfire smoke's impact on wine grapes and wine. It requires the Secretary of Agriculture to identify smoke compounds, develop testing methods, create a background database of natural smoke levels, and create tools to reduce exposure - working with universities in California, Oregon, and Washington. The research aims to help winegrowers affected by wildfire smoke, which has increasingly damaged crops in those states. It authorizes $6.5 million annually for fiscal years 2026-2030 to support this work.

HR 1387, the COST Act, requires federal agencies and recipients of federal funds (including states, local governments, and research grantees) to publicly disclose the percentage and dollar amount of federal funding versus non-federal funding for any program, project, or activity. This disclosure must appear in all public communications describing the initiative (except short social media posts), detailing both the federal share and the non-federal share of costs. Recipients must also certify compliance in progress reports, and the Office of Management and Budget must annually review a sample of communications for adherence and publish findings. The bill establishes a public system for anonymously reporting non-compliant communications, with reports requiring specific details about the program and the noncompliant material.

The PANELS Act amends U.S. tax code provisions to exclude solar energy projects on prime or unique farmland from federal tax credits. Specifically, it revises Section 48 (energy property credits) and Section 45Y (clean electricity production credits) to require that solar facilities not be located on land designated as "prime farmland" or "unique farmland" under existing USDA definitions (7 CFR § 657). This directly affects solar developers seeking these tax benefits, as projects on such agricultural land will no longer qualify. The change applies to property placed in service after the bill’s enactment, aiming to protect high-quality farmland from being converted for solar development.

HR 2064 establishes a federal grant program through HUD to provide up to $30,000 in assistance per household for first-time homebuyers purchasing qualifying homes. The program helps low-to-moderate income individuals (earning ≤120% of local median income, or 150% in high-cost areas) cover down payments, closing costs, or home modifications needed for occupancy. Recipients must live in the home as a primary residence for 5 years; failure to do so requires partial repayment proportional to non-occupancy. The bill authorizes $6.7 billion annually (2026-2030), reserves 3% for tribes, and excludes assistance from federal taxation.

The Access Technology Affordability Act of 2025 creates a new tax credit for individuals who purchase technology designed to assist blind people, such as screen readers or braille displays. This credit covers up to $2,000 in expenses per three-year period for qualified access technology used by the taxpayer, their spouse, or a blind dependent. The credit adjusts for inflation after 2026 but does not apply to costs already covered by other tax benefits. The credit expires after 2030, with adjustments for cost-of-living changes starting in 2027.

HR 1914 (HIRE CREDIT Act) expands the Work Opportunity Tax Credit to provide employers with a tax credit for hiring individuals displaced by qualifying disasters. It directly affects employers in areas impacted by federally declared major disasters (since January 2024) who hire workers who lost their homes and jobs in those disaster zones. The bill adds "displaced disaster victim" as a new eligibility category, requiring workers to have a principal residence in an uninhabitable disaster zone, been employed there before the disaster, and currently be unemployed. Employers hiring such workers after January 1, 2024, can claim the credit for qualifying wages paid. The credit applies to disasters with a declared incident period ending on or after January 1, 2024.

This bill extends a temporary tax provision for distilled spirits in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It amends the tax code to change the end date for a reduced tax coverage limit from January 2022 to January 2032. The change applies to distilled spirits imported into these territories after December 31, 2021. This directly affects businesses and consumers involved in the distilled spirits market in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands by maintaining the lower tax rate for a longer period.

HR 1233 prohibits federal agencies from using taxpayer money to fund specific research programs. It bans spending on disinformation research grants, Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace grants, and the National Science Foundation's Track F program focused on "Trust and Authenticity in Communications Systems." This directly affects federal departments and agencies that would otherwise allocate funds for these research areas, as well as researchers or institutions seeking such grants. The bill makes a concrete change by blocking federal funding for these particular research initiatives, without altering broader disinformation policies or creating new regulations.

This bill treats Kenya, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad as combat zones for purposes of determining eligibility for certain federal tax benefits available to members of the U.S. Armed Forces. (Conditions apply.) Specifically, under the bill, a qualified hazardous duty area is treated as a combat zone for purposes of determining the filing status of an individual whose spouse is missing in action; excluding compensation received by a member of the Armed Forces serving in a combat zone from gross income and wages subject to withholding; forgiving the income tax liability of a member of the Armed Forces who dies in a combat zone; certain estate tax rules applicable to a member of the Armed Forces who dies in a combat zone or as a result of an injury, wound, or disease suffered while in a combat zone; the exemption from the federal excise tax imposed on certain telephone services for telephone calls originating from a combat zone by a member of the Armed Forces; and postponing certain federal tax deadlines (e.g., filing a tax return, paying taxes, and claiming a tax refund) for a member of the Armed Forces serving in a combat zone. The bill defines a qualified hazardous duty area as Kenya, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad if any member of the U.S. Armed Forces is entitled to special pay (e.g., hostile fire pay and imminent danger pay) for services performed in such locations.