Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee
The Federal Election Commission filings of the people who currently sit on this committee. The committee itself receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.
What this page covers
This page summarizes the campaign finance of the people who currently sit on the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee. It does not represent money received by the committee itself. A congressional committee is not a Federal Election Commission political committee: it has no FEC committee ID, it raises and receives nothing, and it files no campaign reports. Every amount below belongs to an individual member's own campaign, or was spent independently about that member by someone else.
Members serve on several committees at once, so these cohort figures overlap with other committees' and must never be added across them.
| Committee | Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee · House committee |
|---|---|
| Cycle | The 2026 two-year federal cycle |
| Roster as of | Sep 26, 2026 Roster fingerprint 0c140295138cfbf6. A committee assignment changing produces a different fingerprint, so a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the roster it was computed from. |
| Current members | 16 eligible · 16 with a complete FEC record · 0 without one |
| Finance coverage | Members' reports cover through Jun 30, 2026 at the earliest and Aug 12, 2026 at the latest. Most report through Jun 30, 2026. |
| Coverage policy | Every current member of this committee's roster is counted once, even when they hold more than one FEC candidate identity. Only members with a complete FEC record for the selected cycle contribute an amount; the rest are listed with the reason and are never counted as zero.Every figure is read from the same FEC snapshot each member's own campaign-finance page reads, so a member's row here and their profile cannot disagree. |
The 16 current members
Every current member of this committee, in the committee's own roster order by default. Selecting a measure below ranks them by it and draws one aligned bar per member on a single shared scale. Only one measure is ever drawn at a time: receipts and cash on hand are different quantities, and putting them on one axis would compare things the filings do not compare.
| Member | Party | State | Role on this committee | Total receipts | Cash on hand | Direct PAC receipts | Outside spending supporting | Outside spending opposing | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| John Joyce District 13 | Republican | PA | chair | $2,418,119 | $3,759,995 | $1,402,618 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Troy Balderson District 12 | Republican | OH | vice chair | $1,743,281 | $1,982,352 | $1,040,300 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Yvette D. Clarke District 9 | Democratic | NY | ranking member | $1,013,953 | $30,978 | $581,951 | $289,695 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez District 14 | Democratic | NY | member | $32,607,754 | $15,960,932 | $28,050 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Dan Crenshaw District 2 | Republican | TX | member | $2,735,888 | $24,925 | $638,410 | $1,064,726 | $408,612 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Diana DeGette District 1 | Democratic | CO | member | $1,671,531 | $290,389 | $987,000 | $1,628,694 | $213,474 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Diana Harshbarger District 1 | Republican | TN | member | $1,274,194 | $1,985,063 | $683,250 | $13,375 | $0 | Through Jul 17, 2026 |
| Gary J. Palmer District 6 | Republican | AL | member | $1,053,566 | $260,721 | $464,000 | $131,018 | $0 | Through Jul 22, 2026 |
| Kevin Mullin District 15 | Democratic | CA | member | $819,662 | $219,735 | $470,712 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Lizzie Fletcher District 7 | Democratic | TX | member | $1,426,057 | $1,702,706 | $601,600 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Lori Trahan District 3 | Democratic | MA | member | $1,639,978 | $1,773,389 | $813,250 | $0 | $0 | Through Aug 12, 2026 |
| Michael A. Rulli District 6 | Republican | OH | member | $1,112,553 | $269,711 | $705,286 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Paul Tonko District 20 | Democratic | NY | member | $957,587 | $404,327 | $616,955 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Randy K. Weber, Sr. District 14 | Republican | TX | member | $972,561 | $921,878 | $435,611 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Rick W. Allen District 12 | Republican | GA | member | $993,220 | $1,320,958 | $510,750 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Russ Fulcher District 1 | Republican | ID | member | $662,615 | $244,700 | $301,350 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
Contributions to candidates, involving current members
Money these committees gave to the authorized campaign committees of individual members of the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee, out of their own funds. Each amount was received and reported by a member's own campaign. None of it was given to the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee, which receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.
$10,615,063 from 1,058 political committees, involving 16 of the 16 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AMERICAN OPTOMETRIC ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00024968 | $99,500 | 0.9% | 16 | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 48 | Jul 15, 2026 |
| 2 | CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00426775 | $90,000 | 0.8% | 14 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 32 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 3 | NATIONAL RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION AMERICA'S ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES PAC C00002972 | $87,000 | 0.8% | 14 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 69 | Jun 11, 2026 |
| 4 | AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION PAC C00106146 | $82,000 | 0.8% | 14 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 39 | Jun 15, 2026 |
| 5 | AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00077321 | $78,000 | 0.7% | 11 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 29 | Jun 3, 2026 |
| 6 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00030718 | $74,000 | 0.7% | 15 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 37 | Jul 8, 2026 |
| 7 | VERIZON COMMUNICATIONS, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (VERIZON PAC) C00186288 | $68,500 | 0.6% | 14 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 25 | Jun 23, 2026 |
| 8 | AFLAC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (AFLAC PAC) C00034157 | $58,500 | 0.6% | 12 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Rick W. Allen, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 21 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 9 | AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00797670 | $58,000 | 0.5% | 10 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, Lizzie Fletcher, Michael A. Rulli, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 13 | Jun 10, 2026 |
| 10 | BRINGING REPUBLICAN EXCELLENCE TO TOWN PAC C00483487 | $57,500 | 0.5% | 9 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Michael A. Rulli, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson | 22 | Jun 18, 2026 |
Jointly raised money passed on to participants, involving current members
A joint fundraising committee raises money for several participants at once and passes each one its share. A transfer below is that split arriving at a member's campaign, not a committee choosing to fund that member, and it is never counted as a contribution.
$48,232 from 2 political committees, involving 2 of the 16 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | BALDERSON VICTORY FUND C00908517 | $44,732 | 92.7% | 1 | Troy Balderson | 1 | Mar 27, 2026 |
| 2 | LEAN FORWARD AMERICA C00930396 | $3,500 | 7.3% | 1 | Russ Fulcher | 1 | Dec 15, 2025 |
Independent spending supporting candidates, involving current members
Independent expenditures advocating for individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign, and it was certainly not received by the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee. It is never added to what a member raised.
$3,127,509 from 10 political committees, involving 5 of the 16 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PRO-CHOICE MAJORITY ACTION C00949248 | $1,267,653 | 40.5% | 1 | Diana DeGette | 5 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 2 | FIGHT TO WIN AMERICA, INC. C00813089 | $824,510 | 26.4% | 1 | Dan Crenshaw | 10 | Feb 26, 2026 |
| 3 | MILE HIGH ACCOUNTABILITY PROJECT C00948828 | $350,000 | 11.2% | 1 | Diana DeGette | 1 | Jun 8, 2026 |
| 4 | THINK BIG C00923417 | $289,695 | 9.3% | 1 | Yvette D. Clarke | 5 | Jun 15, 2026 |
| 5 | PATRIOTIC FUND, INC. C00899419 | $225,354 | 7.2% | 1 | Dan Crenshaw | 9 | Feb 2, 2026 |
| 6 | AMERICAN CHEMISTRY COUNCIL, INC C90011578 | $131,018 | 4.2% | 1 | Gary J. Palmer | 1 | May 5, 2026 |
| 7 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00030718 | $24,049 | 0.8% | 2 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette | 5 | Jun 10, 2026 |
| 8 | FREEDOM CAUCUS FUND C00552851 | $13,375 | 0.4% | 1 | Diana Harshbarger | 13 | Jun 3, 2026 |
| 9 | REPUBLICAN VOTERS OF TEXAS PAC C00934406 | $1,134 | 0.0% | 1 | Dan Crenshaw | 6 | Mar 10, 2026 |
| 10 | MONTGOMERY COUNTY FIRST PAC C00939793 | $721 | 0.0% | 1 | Dan Crenshaw | 2 | Feb 12, 2026 |
Independent spending opposing candidates, involving current members
Independent expenditures advocating against individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign or by the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee. Money spent against a member is not money that member raised, and the two are never combined.
$622,086 from 3 political committees, involving 2 of the 16 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ALAMO FREEDOM FIGHTERS PAC C00924951 | $408,612 | 65.7% | 1 | Dan Crenshaw | 13 | Mar 2, 2026 |
| 2 | JUSTICE DEMOCRATS PAC C00630665 | $207,358 | 33.3% | 1 | Diana DeGette | 5 | Jun 22, 2026 |
| 3 | FORWARD BLUE C00835041 | $6,116 | 1.0% | 1 | Diana DeGette | 2 | Jun 29, 2026 |
Every political committee, one kind of activity at a time
The complete ranked list behind the sections above. Kinds are never merged into one table: a contribution a member received and an independent expenditure a member never received are not the same money, and a single ranking covering both would say they are.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 101 | EDWARDS LIFESCIENCES POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (A.K.A. EDWARDS PAC) C00411900 | $28,000 | 0.3% | 7 | Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Troy Balderson | 16 | May 27, 2026 |
| 102 | MOLINA HEALTHCARE, INC. PAC C00430256 | $28,000 | 0.3% | 10 | Diana DeGette, Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson | 18 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 103 | CONSTELLATION ENERGY CORPORATION EMPLOYEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (CEPAC) C00793711 | $28,000 | 0.3% | 5 | Diana DeGette, John Joyce, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Troy Balderson | 14 | May 28, 2026 |
| 104 | ASIAN AMERICAN HOTEL OWNERS ASSOCIATION PAC (AAHOA PAC) C00336743 | $27,500 | 0.3% | 4 | Diana Harshbarger, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Randy K. Weber, Sr. | 6 | Feb 18, 2026 |
| 105 | INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00027342 | $26,500 | 0.2% | 4 | Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Paul Tonko | 7 | May 20, 2026 |
| 106 | AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS SEPARATE SEGREGATED FUND (CRNA-PAC) C00173153 | $26,000 | 0.2% | 6 | Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, Kevin Mullin, Paul Tonko, Troy Balderson | 11 | May 27, 2026 |
| 107 | GENENTECH INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (GENENPAC) C00199257 | $26,000 | 0.2% | 10 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Rick W. Allen, Troy Balderson | 17 | Jul 20, 2026 |
| 108 | TRANSPORT WORKERS UNION OF AMERICA POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS COMMITTEE C00008268 | $25,500 | 0.2% | 5 | Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Yvette D. Clarke | 9 | Jun 1, 2026 |
| 109 | ELI LILLY AND COMPANY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00082792 | $25,500 | 0.2% | 6 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Michael A. Rulli, Yvette D. Clarke | 11 | Apr 17, 2026 |
| 110 | AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR RADIATION ONCOLOGY PAC (''ASTRO-PAC'') C00384602 | $25,500 | 0.2% | 7 | Dan Crenshaw, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Troy Balderson | 12 | May 19, 2026 |
| 111 | NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION RURAL BROADBAND PAC C00004473 | $25,000 | 0.2% | 7 | Diana Harshbarger, John Joyce, Lizzie Fletcher, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Yvette D. Clarke | 8 | Jun 5, 2026 |
| 112 | UBS AMERICAS INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (UBS PAC) C00012245 | $25,000 | 0.2% | 3 | Dan Crenshaw, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan | 5 | Apr 29, 2026 |
| 113 | NATIONAL STONE, SAND & GRAVEL ASSOCIATION ROCKPAC C00089458 | $25,000 | 0.2% | 6 | Diana Harshbarger, John Joyce, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Troy Balderson | 8 | Mar 12, 2026 |
| 114 | FRIENDS OF COMMUNITY ONCOLOGY PAC C00383976 | $25,000 | 0.2% | 5 | Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, John Joyce, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 6 | May 13, 2026 |
| 115 | MEDICAL DEVICE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION PAC C00484162 | $25,000 | 0.2% | 4 | Diana DeGette, John Joyce, Lori Trahan, Troy Balderson | 9 | Jun 29, 2026 |
| 116 | AMERICAN REVIVAL PAC C00639229 | $25,000 | 0.2% | 5 | Dan Crenshaw, John Joyce, Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson | 5 | Mar 24, 2026 |
| 117 | BUCKEYE LIBERTY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00693796 | $25,000 | 0.2% | 4 | Diana Harshbarger, Michael A. Rulli, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson | 5 | Jun 1, 2026 |
| 118 | US ENERGY PAC (THE PAC OF AMERICAN EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION COUNCIL, INC.) C00755454 | $25,000 | 0.2% | 7 | Dan Crenshaw, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Lizzie Fletcher, Michael A. Rulli, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Troy Balderson | 10 | May 12, 2026 |
| 119 | NATIONAL SHOOTING SPORTS FOUNDATION, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (NSSF PAC) C00480863 | $24,580 | 0.2% | 9 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Michael A. Rulli, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Russ Fulcher, Troy Balderson | 18 | Jun 16, 2026 |
| 120 | THE AMERICAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ASSOCIATION, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (AOTPAC) C00089086 | $24,500 | 0.2% | 5 | Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, John Joyce, Michael A. Rulli, Paul Tonko | 12 | Jun 1, 2026 |
| 121 | ALZHEIMERS IMPACT MOVEMENT POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00486928 | $24,500 | 0.2% | 8 | Dan Crenshaw, Diana DeGette, John Joyce, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Paul Tonko, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Troy Balderson | 13 | Jun 11, 2026 |
| 122 | PROFESSIONAL COMPOUNDING CENTERS OF AMERICA POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00558452 | $24,500 | 0.2% | 8 | Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Randy K. Weber, Sr., Rick W. Allen, Yvette D. Clarke | 11 | May 19, 2026 |
| 123 | INDEPENDENT INSURANCE AGENTS & BROKERS OF AMERICA, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (INSURPAC) C00022343 | $24,000 | 0.2% | 8 | Diana DeGette, Diana Harshbarger, Gary J. Palmer, John Joyce, Lori Trahan, Michael A. Rulli, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 11 | Jul 15, 2026 |
| 124 | ENGINEERS POLITICAL EDUCATION COMMITTEE (EPEC)/INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS C00029504 | $24,000 | 0.2% | 6 | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Diana DeGette, Kevin Mullin, Lizzie Fletcher, Lori Trahan, Paul Tonko | 9 | Jun 19, 2026 |
| 125 | AMERICAN SUGAR CANE LEAGUE OF USA, INC PAC C00081414 | $24,000 | 0.2% | 7 | Diana DeGette, John Joyce, Kevin Mullin, Michael A. Rulli, Rick W. Allen, Troy Balderson, Yvette D. Clarke | 8 | Jun 17, 2026 |
What these numbers mean
- The committee received none of this money
- A congressional committee is a body of the House or Senate. It has no bank account, no FEC registration, and no campaign. Everything on this page belongs to the campaigns of the individual people who currently sit on it, or was spent independently about one of them by an outside organization.
- A contribution is not an independent expenditure
- A contribution is money a political committee gave to a member's own campaign committee, which that campaign received and reported. An independent expenditure is money spent about a member without coordinating with them; no campaign received or controlled it. The FEC treats these as different activities, and they are never combined here.
- The cohort is the roster, and the roster changes
- These figures cover whoever sits on the committee as of the roster date in the header. A member joining or leaving changes the cohort and its fingerprint, which is why both are printed: a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the exact roster it came from.
- Cohorts overlap and must not be added
- Members serve on several committees at once. A member's receipts appear in the cohort of every committee they sit on, so adding cohort totals across committees would count the same campaign's money many times over. No page here does that.
- A member is counted once
- Some members hold more than one FEC candidate identity, usually after moving from the House to the Senate. Their campaign is counted once in these totals, exactly as it is on their own page, and duplicate membership records for one person are one seat on the roster.
- Missing is not zero
- A member with no verified FEC identity, no filings for the cycle, or a partially collected record is listed with that reason and left out of every total, ranking, and chart. Treating any of them as zero would understate the cohort and misrepresent the member.
- Where the money went is not why
- A ranking of committees whose money reached members of one congressional committee is a description of filings. It is not evidence of influence, coordination, an agreement, or a reason for any vote, and nothing here is scored, weighted, or ranked to imply one.
Source: Federal Election Commission ↗. MyRepTracker ingests FEC records directly and does not add its own influence, risk, or corruption score.