Environment (Coastal & Flood Protection)

# Summary of the Proposed Legislative Document This document outlines a comprehensive legislative proposal that amends and reauthorizes various environmental, weather, climate, and health-related programs. Key elements include: 1. **National Integrated Heat Health Information System (NIHHIS)**: Establishes a new system within NOAA to reduce heat-related health risks, with a 5-year strategic plan and $5 million annual funding (2026-2030) for implementation. 2. **National Landslide Preparedness Act Reauthorization**: - Updates definitions to include "atmospheric river" and "extreme precipitation event" - Increases funding from $25 million to $35 million annually (with at least $10 million for landslide early warning systems) - Establishes regional partnerships with eligible organizations and institutions of higher education - Requires assessment of risks from atmospheric river flooding and extreme precipitation events 3. **Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Program**: - Creates a National-Level Incubator Program to develop new strategies for preventing, mitigating, and controlling harmful algal blooms - Increases funding for NOAA ($19.5 million annually) and EPA ($8 million annually) - Establishes an Action Strategy for harmful algal blooms to be updated every five years 4. **Other Key Provisions**: - Amends the Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act - Establishes an interagency committee to coordinate heat health activities across multiple federal departments - Creates an "unfunded priorities list" for Congress to identify critical needs not included in the budget - Includes provisions for meteorological observations in the Arctic region - Authorizes technical assistance for Pacific Island nations The legislation represents a significant expansion of NOAA's role in climate and weather-related research, public health protection, and disaster preparedness, with emphasis on cross-agency coordination, updated terminology reflecting current scientific understanding, and increased funding for critical programs.

This bill reauthorizes existing regional ocean partnerships through 2031, extending funding for coastal states and tribes managing ocean resources. It sets specific annual funding levels: $11.57 million for 2028, $11.69 million for 2029, $11.81 million for 2030, and $11.92 million for 2031. The bill makes technical updates to reporting requirements and adjusts the funding period to align with the new authorization. It directly affects current regional ocean partnership programs under the 2023 defense act, ensuring continued federal support for coastal management efforts.

# Summary of the Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2025 This comprehensive legislation reauthorizes and modernizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) weather and climate programs through 2030, with several key focuses: ## Core Program Reauthorizations - **Commercial Data Program** ($100M annually): Establishes a formal program to acquire weather/environmental data from private sector entities, including standards, prioritization, and data assimilation practices - **Commercial Data Pilot Program** (15% of Commercial Data Program funds): Tests and evaluates private sector data for use in NOAA operations - **Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System**: Requires transition to cloud-based operations by 2030 to enable more flexible workforce ## Hazard Communication Improvements - **Hazardous Weather Risk Communication Program**: Focuses on simplifying and improving communication of weather hazards through social, behavioral, and risk science research - **Post-Storm Surveys**: Requires systematic surveys after significant weather events, with emphasis on vulnerable populations - **NOAA Weather Radio Modernization**: Expands coverage, enhances reliability, and transitions to internet protocol-based communications ## Operational Modernization - **National Weather Service Workforce**: Includes hiring assessments, health/morale evaluations, and designation of service hydrologists - **Aviation Weather Program**: Enhances turbulence forecasting, data acquisition, and coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration - **Data Management**: Establishes consistent data standards, infrastructure, and sharing practices across NOAA ## Specialized Programs - **Atmospheric Rivers Forecast Improvement Program**: Focuses on improving forecasts of atmospheric rivers that impact the western U.S. - **Coastal Flooding and Storm Surge Program**: Improves coastal inundation forecasting and warning systems - **National Integrated Drought Information System**: Enhances drought monitoring and forecasting capabilities - **National Mesonet Program**: Expands environmental observation networks across the U.S., with 15% of funds for financial assistance to state/local entities - **National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network**: Supports soil moisture monitoring for agricultural and drought management - **Precipitation Forecast Improvement Program**: Aims to improve precipitation forecasting across all timescales ## Funding The bill authorizes significant funding across these programs, with annual appropriations ranging from $10M to $70M depending on the program, for fiscal years 2026-2030. The legislation represents a major effort to modernize NOAA's infrastructure, improve weather communication to the public, and better integrate commercial data sources while maintaining NOAA's leadership in weather and climate science.

HR 1874 amends the Coastal Zone Management Act to create a "conclusive presumption" that coastal states automatically approve certain federal projects in their coastal zones. This applies to national security activities, critical infrastructure projects (like energy or transportation systems), disaster recovery efforts, and projects in areas with high unemployment or low income. States can no longer delay these projects through objections, though the federal Secretary of Commerce may override the presumption within 30 days if the project doesn’t qualify. The bill streamlines approvals for these specific activities while maintaining federal oversight.

This bill establishes two new programs to address water quality issues in the Tijuana River and New River watersheds, which flow from Mexico into California. It requires the Environmental Protection Agency to develop action plans for pollution prevention, including projects to manage wastewater, stormwater, debris, sediment, and contaminants that flow across the border. The bill authorizes $50 million annually from 2026-2036 for these programs, with funding to support projects that improve water quality, protect public health, and enhance natural habitats in affected communities. The programs will coordinate with Mexican and U.S. agencies, including the International Boundary and Water Commission, to implement projects addressing transboundary flows that impact coastal communities in Imperial Beach, San Diego, Calexico, and the Imperial Valley.

HR 2134, the Southern Nevada Economic Development and Conservation Act, transfers approximately 48,106 acres of federal land to the Moapa Band of Paiutes and Las Vegas Paiute Tribes to be held in trust for tribal use. The bill establishes 9 special management areas totaling over 290,000 acres in Clark County for conservation and habitat protection, while adding wilderness areas to the National Wilderness Preservation System. It conveys federal land to local governments for public safety facilities, water infrastructure, and recreation areas, with specific provisions for affordable housing and flood control. The legislation aims to balance economic development with environmental conservation in Southern Nevada through specific land management changes.

This bill extends funding periods for several key water restoration programs through 2031, including the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, Long Island Sound program, and Columbia River Basin restoration. It modifies the San Francisco Bay program to require 25% non-Federal cost-sharing for projects and updates coastal water quality monitoring rules to include new testing technologies. The bill also restricts federal funds for these programs from going to non-U.S. entities or those partnering with "foreign countries of concern." These changes directly affect state, local, and nonprofit entities managing federally funded water restoration projects across specific geographic regions.

HR 4800, the Fisheries Modernization Act of 2025, expands eligibility for fishery disaster relief by adding "infrastructure-related cause" to the definition of qualifying events under the Magnuson-Stevens Act. This specifically covers disruptions caused by Federal or State infrastructure failures (like flood control systems, levees, or spillways) that impact commercial or subsistence fisheries, habitat, or water quality. The bill explicitly includes the red swamp crawfish and white river crawfish fisheries in eligibility requirements, requiring information on hydrological conditions, water quality, or environmental disruptions affecting them. It does not change existing relief for marine or anadromous fisheries but clarifies that infrastructure-related events now qualify for assistance.

This bill establishes the National Mesonet Program to enhance weather and flood forecasting by expanding environmental data collection. It directly affects state and local governments, agricultural businesses, and private weather monitoring networks by requiring them to share soil moisture, weather, and water data through upgraded local sensor networks. Key provisions include funding 15% of annual program funds to help states and private entities build or improve monitoring stations, prioritizing remote or underserved areas, and mandating annual congressional briefings on progress. The law aims to improve forecast accuracy for severe weather, droughts, and agricultural planning by integrating more real-time environmental data into federal systems like the National Weather Service.

The Save Our Seas 2.0 Amendments Act reorganizes the Marine Debris Act to improve administrative operations of NOAA's marine debris programs. It modifies grant and agreement provisions to include more partnership types, changes the Marine Debris Foundation's structure from an "organization" to a "corporation," and adds requirements for outreach to Indian Tribes. The bill also updates funding authorizations through 2025 and clarifies definitions for terms like "Indian Tribe" and "coastal shoreline community." These changes focus on streamlining program administration rather than altering substantive marine debris policies.