Health Subcommittee
The Federal Election Commission filings of the people who currently sit on this committee. The committee itself receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.
What this page covers
This page summarizes the campaign finance of the people who currently sit on the Health Subcommittee. It does not represent money received by the committee itself. A congressional committee is not a Federal Election Commission political committee: it has no FEC committee ID, it raises and receives nothing, and it files no campaign reports. Every amount below belongs to an individual member's own campaign, or was spent independently about that member by someone else.
Members serve on several committees at once, so these cohort figures overlap with other committees' and must never be added across them.
| Committee | Health Subcommittee · House committee |
|---|---|
| Cycle | The 2024 two-year federal cycle |
| Roster as of | Sep 26, 2026 Roster fingerprint a672a40a0e3e55b9. A committee assignment changing produces a different fingerprint, so a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the roster it was computed from. |
| Current members | 11 eligible · 11 with a complete FEC record · 0 without one |
| Finance coverage | Members' reports cover through Dec 31, 2024 at the earliest and Dec 31, 2024 at the latest. Most report through Dec 31, 2024. |
| Coverage policy | Every current member of this committee's roster is counted once, even when they hold more than one FEC candidate identity. Only members with a complete FEC record for the selected cycle contribute an amount; the rest are listed with the reason and are never counted as zero.Every figure is read from the same FEC snapshot each member's own campaign-finance page reads, so a member's row here and their profile cannot disagree. |
The 11 current members
Every current member of this committee, in the committee's own roster order by default. Selecting a measure below ranks them by it and draws one aligned bar per member on a single shared scale. Only one measure is ever drawn at a time: receipts and cash on hand are different quantities, and putting them on one axis would compare things the filings do not compare.
| Member | Party | State | Role on this committee | Total receipts | Cash on hand | Direct PAC receipts | Outside spending supporting | Outside spending opposing | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mariannette Miller-Meeks District 1 | Republican | IA | chairwoman | $5,800,754 | $373,743 | $2,340,483 | $2,007,310 | $6,359,929 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Julia Brownley District 26 | Democratic | CA | ranking member | $1,599,723 | $942,357 | $756,413 | $241,680 | $0 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Abraham J. Hamadeh District 8 | Republican | AZ | member | $1,994,019 | $36,409 | $151,750 | $573,521 | $592,669 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Derrick Van Orden District 3 | Republican | WI | member | $7,658,527 | $516,806 | $1,021,185 | $180,770 | $6,376,398 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Gregory F. Murphy District 3 | Republican | NC | member | $1,939,614 | $1,583,462 | $872,700 | $0 | $0 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. District 3 | Democratic | NJ | member | $1,353,248 | $37,414 | $445,850 | $0 | $0 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Jack Bergman District 1 | Republican | MI | member | $2,016,388 | $110,950 | $713,991 | $37,489 | $0 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Jennifer A. Kiggans District 2 | Republican | VA | member | $6,481,318 | $45,477 | $1,628,080 | $786,899 | $3,953,485 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Kelly Morrison District 3 | Democratic | MN | member | $2,263,654 | $25,389 | $284,600 | $1,311 | $0 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Kimberlyn King-Hinds District At-Large | Republican | MP | member | $86,430 | $5,982 | $0 | $0 | $0 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
| Maxine Dexter District 3 | Democratic | OR | member | $1,818,245 | $22,486 | $267,631 | $2,212,990 | $1,500 | Through Dec 31, 2024 |
Contributions to candidates, involving current members
Money these committees gave to the authorized campaign committees of individual members of the Health Subcommittee, out of their own funds. Each amount was received and reported by a member's own campaign. None of it was given to the Health Subcommittee, which receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.
$8,485,044 from 1,199 political committees, involving 10 of the 11 current members, in the 2024 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00797670 | $83,051 | 1.0% | 7 | Derrick Van Orden, Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 42 | Oct 25, 2024 |
| 2 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00030718 | $75,000 | 0.9% | 9 | Abraham J. Hamadeh, Derrick Van Orden, Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 25 | Oct 11, 2024 |
| 3 | AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ASA PAC) C00255752 | $65,500 | 0.8% | 8 | Derrick Van Orden, Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jack Bergman, Julia Brownley, Kelly Morrison, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 23 | Aug 23, 2024 |
| 4 | AMERICAN REVIVAL PAC C00639229 | $64,000 | 0.8% | 5 | Abraham J. Hamadeh, Derrick Van Orden, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 17 | Nov 20, 2024 |
| 5 | AMERICAN CRYSTAL SUGAR COMPANY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00110338 | $52,500 | 0.6% | 6 | Derrick Van Orden, Gregory F. Murphy, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 14 | Sep 26, 2024 |
| 6 | AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (SKINPAC) C00359539 | $51,000 | 0.6% | 7 | Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Kelly Morrison, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 15 | Sep 16, 2024 |
| 7 | BUILD POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS (BUILDPAC) C00000901 | $50,000 | 0.6% | 8 | Abraham J. Hamadeh, Derrick Van Orden, Gregory F. Murphy, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 18 | Oct 16, 2024 |
| 8 | MR. SOUTHERN MISSOURIAN IN THE HOUSE PAC C00563726 | $50,000 | 0.6% | 5 | Abraham J. Hamadeh, Derrick Van Orden, Gregory F. Murphy, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 12 | Sep 18, 2024 |
| 9 | AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00000422 | $47,000 | 0.6% | 8 | Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Kelly Morrison, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 14 | Oct 1, 2024 |
| 10 | AMERICA'S CREDIT UNIONS PAC OF CREDIT UNION NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC. C00007880 | $45,000 | 0.5% | 8 | Derrick Van Orden, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Kelly Morrison, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 14 | Oct 3, 2024 |
Money forwarded to candidates, involving current members
This money was not given by the committees named below. Each is a conduit: individual donors contributed and earmarked the money, and the conduit transmitted it to members' campaigns. It is kept out of the contributions ranking above because the donors are individuals, not these committees.
$4,496 from 3 political committees, involving 6 of the 11 current members, in the 2024 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ACTBLUE C00401224 | $3,300 | 73.4% | 1 | Kelly Morrison | 1 | Jul 21, 2024 |
| 2 | WINRED C00694323 | $1,196 | 26.6% | 4 | Abraham J. Hamadeh, Derrick Van Orden, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 336 | Oct 12, 2024 |
| 3 | AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00797670 | $0 | 0.0% | 1 | Jack Bergman | 4 | Dec 6, 2023 |
Jointly raised money passed on to participants, involving current members
A joint fundraising committee raises money for several participants at once and passes each one its share. A transfer below is that split arriving at a member's campaign, not a committee choosing to fund that member, and it is never counted as a contribution.
$13,500 from 1 political committee, involving 4 of the 11 current members, in the 2024 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | THE GUARDIAN FUND C00493221 | $13,500 | 100.0% | 4 | Abraham J. Hamadeh, Derrick Van Orden, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 6 | Oct 29, 2024 |
Independent spending supporting candidates, involving current members
Independent expenditures advocating for individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign, and it was certainly not received by the Health Subcommittee. It is never added to what a member raised.
$6,041,970 from 29 political committees, involving 8 of the 11 current members, in the 2024 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 314 ACTION FUND C00633248 | $2,212,990 | 36.6% | 1 | Maxine Dexter | 8 | May 14, 2024 |
| 2 | AMERICANS FOR PROSPERITY ACTION, INC. (AFP ACTION) DBA CVA ACTION AND DBA LIBRE ACTION C00687103 | $1,300,063 | 21.5% | 2 | Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 72 | Oct 30, 2024 |
| 3 | ARIZONA'S BOLD ERA PAC (ABE PAC) C00832980 | $572,247 | 9.5% | 1 | Abraham J. Hamadeh | 34 | Jul 26, 2024 |
| 4 | WITH HONOR FUND II, INC. C00831404 | $548,211 | 9.1% | 1 | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 8 | Oct 4, 2024 |
| 5 | AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00000422 | $425,000 | 7.0% | 1 | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 1 | Oct 10, 2024 |
| 6 | VETERANS AID PAC C00699801 | $108,855 | 1.8% | 1 | Julia Brownley | 167 | Sep 19, 2024 |
| 7 | HEALTHCARE FREEDOM SUPER PAC C00798009 | $106,768 | 1.8% | 1 | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 7 | Oct 25, 2024 |
| 8 | AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS SEPARATE SEGREGATED FUND (CRNA-PAC) C00173153 | $100,850 | 1.7% | 1 | Jennifer A. Kiggans | 6 | Oct 4, 2024 |
| 9 | CLEARPATH ACTION FUND, INC. C00608943 | $100,779 | 1.7% | 1 | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 5 | Oct 16, 2024 |
| 10 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00030718 | $84,695 | 1.4% | 2 | Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 5 | Oct 18, 2024 |
Independent spending opposing candidates, involving current members
Independent expenditures advocating against individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign or by the Health Subcommittee. Money spent against a member is not money that member raised, and the two are never combined.
$17,283,981 from 15 political committees, involving 5 of the 11 current members, in the 2024 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | HMP C00495028 | $9,753,943 | 56.4% | 3 | Derrick Van Orden, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 65 | Oct 30, 2024 |
| 2 | DCCC C00000935 | $2,441,720 | 14.1% | 1 | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 15 | Oct 25, 2024 |
| 3 | VOTEVETS C00418897 | $1,616,740 | 9.4% | 2 | Derrick Van Orden, Jennifer A. Kiggans | 8 | Oct 28, 2024 |
| 4 | YOUR COMMUNITY PAC C00886614 | $963,988 | 5.6% | 1 | Derrick Van Orden | 11 | Oct 25, 2024 |
| 5 | LCV VICTORY FUND C00486845 | $682,572 | 3.9% | 2 | Derrick Van Orden, Jennifer A. Kiggans | 8 | Oct 25, 2024 |
| 6 | DEMOCRACYFIRST PAC C00808998 | $531,547 | 3.1% | 1 | Derrick Van Orden | 5 | Oct 25, 2024 |
| 7 | RIGHT ARIZONA C00804633 | $328,069 | 1.9% | 1 | Abraham J. Hamadeh | 6 | Jul 30, 2024 |
| 8 | PRO-CHOICE WOMEN C00840702 | $325,000 | 1.9% | 1 | Derrick Van Orden | 1 | Oct 8, 2024 |
| 9 | AMERICAN PRINCIPLES PROJECT PAC C00544387 | $264,600 | 1.5% | 1 | Abraham J. Hamadeh | 2 | Jul 3, 2024 |
| 10 | EDW ACTION FUND C00863472 | $150,000 | 0.9% | 1 | Jennifer A. Kiggans | 1 | Oct 10, 2024 |
Every political committee, one kind of activity at a time
The complete ranked list behind the sections above. Kinds are never merged into one table: a contribution a member received and an independent expenditure a member never received are not the same money, and a single ranking covering both would say they are.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00077321 | $25,500 | 0.3% | 4 | Gregory F. Murphy, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 7 | Sep 20, 2024 |
| 52 | NATIONAL MULTIFAMILY HOUSING COUNCIL POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00130773 | $25,000 | 0.3% | 4 | Gregory F. Murphy, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 9 | Sep 24, 2024 |
| 53 | CATERPILLAR INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (CATPAC) C00148031 | $25,000 | 0.3% | 4 | Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 8 | Oct 31, 2024 |
| 54 | VERIZON COMMUNICATIONS, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (VERIZON PAC) C00186288 | $25,000 | 0.3% | 6 | Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 16 | Aug 23, 2024 |
| 55 | AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NEUROLOGICAL SURGEONS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (NEUROSURGERYPAC) C00413955 | $25,000 | 0.3% | 2 | Gregory F. Murphy, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 7 | Jul 31, 2024 |
| 56 | CONTINUING AMERICA'S STRENGTH AND SECURITY PAC C00480228 | $25,000 | 0.3% | 2 | Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 5 | Nov 18, 2024 |
| 57 | SEAL PAC SUPPORTING ELECTING AMERICAN LEADERS PAC C00570226 | $25,000 | 0.3% | 3 | Derrick Van Orden, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans | 7 | Jun 20, 2024 |
| 58 | AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00000729 | $24,500 | 0.3% | 5 | Gregory F. Murphy, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 10 | Nov 5, 2024 |
| 59 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL ADVISORS POLITICAL ACTION COMM C00005249 | $24,500 | 0.3% | 3 | Gregory F. Murphy, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 10 | Oct 3, 2024 |
| 60 | ASSOCIATED BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ABC PAC) C00010421 | $24,500 | 0.3% | 6 | Abraham J. Hamadeh, Derrick Van Orden, Gregory F. Murphy, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 8 | Oct 22, 2024 |
| 61 | AMERICAN PHYSICAL THERAPY ASSOCIATION PHYSICAL THERAPY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (PT-PAC) C00012880 | $24,500 | 0.3% | 6 | Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 17 | Oct 23, 2024 |
| 62 | LEIDOS INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00546234 | $24,500 | 0.3% | 4 | Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 17 | Oct 23, 2024 |
| 63 | 314 ACTION FUND C00633248 | $24,000 | 0.3% | 3 | Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Kelly Morrison, Maxine Dexter | 6 | Sep 30, 2024 |
| 64 | NATIONAL COTTON COUNCIL OF AMERICA COMMITTEE FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COTTON C00023028 | $23,500 | 0.3% | 3 | Derrick Van Orden, Gregory F. Murphy, Jennifer A. Kiggans | 8 | Sep 17, 2024 |
| 65 | SOCIETY OF THORACIC SURGEONS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00325936 | $23,500 | 0.3% | 5 | Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Kelly Morrison, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 14 | Sep 19, 2024 |
| 66 | ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORS OF AMERICA POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00082917 | $23,000 | 0.3% | 4 | Gregory F. Murphy, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 9 | Dec 9, 2024 |
| 67 | AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGEONS PLASTYPAC C00249342 | $23,000 | 0.3% | 7 | Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Kelly Morrison, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, Maxine Dexter | 11 | Oct 7, 2024 |
| 68 | AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE COUNTY & MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES P E O P L E C00011114 | $22,500 | 0.3% | 4 | Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Julia Brownley, Kelly Morrison, Maxine Dexter | 7 | Oct 29, 2024 |
| 69 | THE BOEING COMPANY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00142711 | $22,500 | 0.3% | 4 | Gregory F. Murphy, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 21 | Aug 15, 2024 |
| 70 | LAND OF OPPORTUNITY PAC C00607721 | $22,500 | 0.3% | 4 | Derrick Van Orden, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 9 | Sep 30, 2024 |
| 71 | REJOICE PAC C00691501 | $22,000 | 0.3% | 3 | Derrick Van Orden, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 7 | Nov 15, 2024 |
| 72 | ABBVIE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00536573 | $21,000 | 0.2% | 5 | Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Jennifer A. Kiggans, Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 9 | Sep 20, 2024 |
| 73 | CHEVRON EMPLOYEES POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE - CHEVRON CORPORATION C00035006 | $20,500 | 0.2% | 5 | Abraham J. Hamadeh, Derrick Van Orden, Jack Bergman, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 8 | Oct 7, 2024 |
| 74 | DOMINION ENERGY, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE - DOMINION PAC C00108209 | $20,500 | 0.2% | 3 | Gregory F. Murphy, Jennifer A. Kiggans, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 9 | Jul 30, 2024 |
| 75 | AMGEN INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00251876 | $20,500 | 0.2% | 4 | Gregory F. Murphy, Herbert C. Conaway, Jr., Julia Brownley, Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 12 | Oct 25, 2024 |
What these numbers mean
- The committee received none of this money
- A congressional committee is a body of the House or Senate. It has no bank account, no FEC registration, and no campaign. Everything on this page belongs to the campaigns of the individual people who currently sit on it, or was spent independently about one of them by an outside organization.
- A contribution is not an independent expenditure
- A contribution is money a political committee gave to a member's own campaign committee, which that campaign received and reported. An independent expenditure is money spent about a member without coordinating with them; no campaign received or controlled it. The FEC treats these as different activities, and they are never combined here.
- The cohort is the roster, and the roster changes
- These figures cover whoever sits on the committee as of the roster date in the header. A member joining or leaving changes the cohort and its fingerprint, which is why both are printed: a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the exact roster it came from.
- Cohorts overlap and must not be added
- Members serve on several committees at once. A member's receipts appear in the cohort of every committee they sit on, so adding cohort totals across committees would count the same campaign's money many times over. No page here does that.
- A member is counted once
- Some members hold more than one FEC candidate identity, usually after moving from the House to the Senate. Their campaign is counted once in these totals, exactly as it is on their own page, and duplicate membership records for one person are one seat on the roster.
- Missing is not zero
- A member with no verified FEC identity, no filings for the cycle, or a partially collected record is listed with that reason and left out of every total, ranking, and chart. Treating any of them as zero would understate the cohort and misrepresent the member.
- Where the money went is not why
- A ranking of committees whose money reached members of one congressional committee is a description of filings. It is not evidence of influence, coordination, an agreement, or a reason for any vote, and nothing here is scored, weighted, or ranked to imply one.
Source: Federal Election Commission ↗. MyRepTracker ingests FEC records directly and does not add its own influence, risk, or corruption score.