Work and Welfare Subcommittee
The Federal Election Commission filings of the people who currently sit on this committee. The committee itself receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.
What this page covers
This page summarizes the campaign finance of the people who currently sit on the Work and Welfare Subcommittee. It does not represent money received by the committee itself. A congressional committee is not a Federal Election Commission political committee: it has no FEC committee ID, it raises and receives nothing, and it files no campaign reports. Every amount below belongs to an individual member's own campaign, or was spent independently about that member by someone else.
Members serve on several committees at once, so these cohort figures overlap with other committees' and must never be added across them.
| Committee | Work and Welfare Subcommittee · House committee |
|---|---|
| Cycle | The 2026 two-year federal cycle |
| Roster as of | Sep 26, 2026 Roster fingerprint 677f799e13f57700. A committee assignment changing produces a different fingerprint, so a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the roster it was computed from. |
| Current members | 13 eligible · 13 with a complete FEC record · 0 without one |
| Finance coverage | Members' reports cover through Jun 30, 2026 at the earliest and Jul 29, 2026 at the latest. Most report through Jun 30, 2026. |
| Coverage policy | Every current member of this committee's roster is counted once, even when they hold more than one FEC candidate identity. Only members with a complete FEC record for the selected cycle contribute an amount; the rest are listed with the reason and are never counted as zero.Every figure is read from the same FEC snapshot each member's own campaign-finance page reads, so a member's row here and their profile cannot disagree. |
The 13 current members
Every current member of this committee, in the committee's own roster order by default. Selecting a measure below ranks them by it and draws one aligned bar per member on a single shared scale. Only one measure is ever drawn at a time: receipts and cash on hand are different quantities, and putting them on one axis would compare things the filings do not compare.
| Member | Party | State | Role on this committee | Total receipts | Cash on hand | Direct PAC receipts | Outside spending supporting | Outside spending opposing | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Darin LaHood District 16 | Republican | IL | chair | $3,672,739 | $6,748,621 | $1,749,122 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Danny K. Davis District 7 | Democratic | IL | ranking member | $91,781 | $89,932 | $26,101 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Aaron Bean District 4 | Republican | FL | member | $2,163,376 | $1,632,550 | $1,149,650 | $0 | $0 | Through Jul 29, 2026 |
| Beth Van Duyne District 24 | Republican | TX | member | $2,540,738 | $2,873,013 | $1,102,311 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Dwight Evans District 3 | Democratic | PA | member | $233,844 | $7,533 | $107,500 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Gwen Moore District 4 | Democratic | WI | member | $1,070,659 | $28,561 | $682,958 | $25,000 | $0 | Through Jul 22, 2026 |
| Jimmy Gomez District 34 | Democratic | CA | member | $1,175,128 | $781,726 | $521,112 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Judy Chu District 28 | Democratic | CA | member | $930,123 | $3,674,296 | $379,775 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Max L. Miller District 7 | Republican | OH | member | $2,142,562 | $1,379,132 | $656,841 | $12,546 | $865,417 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Mike Carey District 15 | Republican | OH | member | $3,299,679 | $2,056,713 | $1,742,150 | $29,790 | $43,808 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Nathaniel Moran District 1 | Republican | TX | member | $1,797,848 | $777,546 | $779,600 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Randy Feenstra District 4 | Republican | IA | member | $1,117,087 | $0 | $597,473 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
| Rudy Yakym III District 2 | Republican | IN | member | $5,246,030 | $855,313 | $1,286,014 | $0 | $0 | Through Jun 30, 2026 |
Contributions to candidates, involving current members
Money these committees gave to the authorized campaign committees of individual members of the Work and Welfare Subcommittee, out of their own funds. Each amount was received and reported by a member's own campaign. None of it was given to the Work and Welfare Subcommittee, which receives no campaign money and files nothing with the FEC.
$11,006,713 from 1,139 political committees, involving 13 of the 13 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION PAC (BANKPAC) C00004275 | $97,000 | 0.9% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 41 | Jul 29, 2026 |
| 2 | AMERICAN COUNCIL OF ENGINEERING COMPANIES (ACEC/PAC) C00010868 | $77,850 | 0.7% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 40 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 3 | NATIONAL MULTIFAMILY HOUSING COUNCIL AND REAL ESTATE TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSFORMATION CENTER POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (NMHC PAC) C00130773 | $77,500 | 0.7% | 12 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 22 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 4 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00303339 | $73,000 | 0.7% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Danny K. Davis, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Rudy Yakym III | 26 | Jul 18, 2026 |
| 5 | NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00158881 | $72,500 | 0.7% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 28 | May 29, 2026 |
| 6 | ERNST & YOUNG POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00227744 | $72,000 | 0.7% | 9 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Judy Chu, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Rudy Yakym III | 25 | Jun 4, 2026 |
| 7 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL ADVISORS POLITICAL ACTION COMM C00005249 | $67,000 | 0.6% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 25 | Jul 28, 2026 |
| 8 | THE COUNCIL OF INSURANCE AGENTS & BROKERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00039578 | $64,500 | 0.6% | 12 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 28 | Jun 9, 2026 |
| 9 | UBS AMERICAS INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (UBS PAC) C00012245 | $62,500 | 0.6% | 9 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 13 | Jun 29, 2026 |
| 10 | AFLAC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (AFLAC PAC) C00034157 | $60,000 | 0.5% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 21 | Jun 25, 2026 |
Money forwarded to candidates, involving current members
This money was not given by the committees named below. Each is a conduit: individual donors contributed and earmarked the money, and the conduit transmitted it to members' campaigns. It is kept out of the contributions ranking above because the donors are individuals, not these committees.
$1,000 from 1 political committee, involving 1 of the 13 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00797670 | $1,000 | 100.0% | 1 | Rudy Yakym III | 1 | May 29, 2025 |
Jointly raised money passed on to participants, involving current members
A joint fundraising committee raises money for several participants at once and passes each one its share. A transfer below is that split arriving at a member's campaign, not a committee choosing to fund that member, and it is never counted as a contribution.
$13,500 from 2 political committees, involving 3 of the 13 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | THE GUARDIAN FUND C00493221 | $10,000 | 74.1% | 2 | Max L. Miller, Mike Carey | 2 | May 15, 2026 |
| 2 | LEAN FORWARD AMERICA C00930396 | $3,500 | 25.9% | 1 | Beth Van Duyne | 1 | Feb 10, 2026 |
Independent spending supporting candidates, involving current members
Independent expenditures advocating for individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign, and it was certainly not received by the Work and Welfare Subcommittee. It is never added to what a member raised.
$67,337 from 3 political committees, involving 3 of the 13 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | NO GOING BACK PAC INC. C00960435 | $29,790 | 44.2% | 1 | Mike Carey | 2 | Sep 18, 2026 |
| 2 | ROLLING SEA ACTION FUND C00844530 | $25,000 | 37.1% | 1 | Gwen Moore | 1 | Jul 24, 2026 |
| 3 | AMERICA PAC C00879510 | $12,546 | 18.6% | 1 | Max L. Miller | 1 | Sep 9, 2026 |
Independent spending opposing candidates, involving current members
Independent expenditures advocating against individual members. This spending was not coordinated with, received by, or controlled by any member's campaign or by the Work and Welfare Subcommittee. Money spent against a member is not money that member raised, and the two are never combined.
$909,226 from 4 political committees, involving 2 of the 13 current members, in the 2026 cycle. Every share below is a share of that amount and of no other kind of activity.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | YOUR COMMUNITY PAC C00886614 | $500,000 | 55.0% | 1 | Max L. Miller | 1 | Sep 15, 2026 |
| 2 | AB PAC C00492140 | $345,417 | 38.0% | 1 | Max L. Miller | 9 | Sep 10, 2026 |
| 3 | HMP C00495028 | $43,808 | 4.8% | 1 | Mike Carey | 1 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| 4 | THE LINCOLN PROJECT C00725820 | $20,000 | 2.2% | 1 | Max L. Miller | 1 | Aug 21, 2026 |
Every political committee, one kind of activity at a time
The complete ranked list behind the sections above. Kinds are never merged into one table: a contribution a member received and an independent expenditure a member never received are not the same money, and a single ranking covering both would say they are.
| Rank | Political committee | Amount | Share | Current members involved | Which members | Transactions | Latest activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION PAC (BANKPAC) C00004275 | $97,000 | 0.9% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 41 | Jul 29, 2026 |
| 2 | AMERICAN COUNCIL OF ENGINEERING COMPANIES (ACEC/PAC) C00010868 | $77,850 | 0.7% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 40 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 3 | NATIONAL MULTIFAMILY HOUSING COUNCIL AND REAL ESTATE TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSFORMATION CENTER POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (NMHC PAC) C00130773 | $77,500 | 0.7% | 12 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 22 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 4 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00303339 | $73,000 | 0.7% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Danny K. Davis, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Rudy Yakym III | 26 | Jul 18, 2026 |
| 5 | NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00158881 | $72,500 | 0.7% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 28 | May 29, 2026 |
| 6 | ERNST & YOUNG POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00227744 | $72,000 | 0.7% | 9 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Judy Chu, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Rudy Yakym III | 25 | Jun 4, 2026 |
| 7 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL ADVISORS POLITICAL ACTION COMM C00005249 | $67,000 | 0.6% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 25 | Jul 28, 2026 |
| 8 | THE COUNCIL OF INSURANCE AGENTS & BROKERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00039578 | $64,500 | 0.6% | 12 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 28 | Jun 9, 2026 |
| 9 | UBS AMERICAS INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (UBS PAC) C00012245 | $62,500 | 0.6% | 9 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 13 | Jun 29, 2026 |
| 10 | AFLAC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (AFLAC PAC) C00034157 | $60,000 | 0.5% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 21 | Jun 25, 2026 |
| 11 | MR. SOUTHERN MISSOURIAN IN THE HOUSE PAC C00563726 | $60,000 | 0.5% | 7 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Rudy Yakym III | 12 | May 27, 2026 |
| 12 | THE HOME DEPOT INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00284885 | $57,500 | 0.5% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 19 | Jun 29, 2026 |
| 13 | ELEVANCE HEALTH, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ELEVANCE HEALTH PAC) C00197228 | $56,000 | 0.5% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 36 | Jun 18, 2026 |
| 14 | NATIONAL BEER WHOLESALERS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00144766 | $55,500 | 0.5% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 24 | Jul 7, 2026 |
| 15 | INVESTMENT COMPANY INSTITUTE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ICI PAC) C00105981 | $54,500 | 0.5% | 11 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 32 | Jun 1, 2026 |
| 16 | NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00030718 | $54,000 | 0.5% | 13 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Danny K. Davis, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 31 | Jul 29, 2026 |
| 17 | THRIVENT FINANCIAL FOR LUTHERANS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00121319 | $54,000 | 0.5% | 7 | Aaron Bean, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 22 | Jun 8, 2026 |
| 18 | AMERICA'S CREDIT UNIONS PAC C00007880 | $53,500 | 0.5% | 9 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Nathaniel Moran, Rudy Yakym III | 21 | May 6, 2026 |
| 19 | HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC. TECHNOLOGIES PUBLIC AFFAIRS COUNCIL (HONPAC) C00096156 | $53,500 | 0.5% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 27 | Jun 26, 2026 |
| 20 | DELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00369751 | $52,500 | 0.5% | 8 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 17 | Jul 14, 2026 |
| 21 | NATIONAL AUTOMOBILE DEALERS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00040998 | $51,000 | 0.5% | 9 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Dwight Evans, Jimmy Gomez, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Rudy Yakym III | 11 | May 21, 2026 |
| 22 | INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SHOPPING CENTERS INC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ICSC PAC) C00217638 | $50,500 | 0.5% | 10 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Jimmy Gomez, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 20 | May 29, 2026 |
| 23 | AMERICAN HOTEL AND LODGING ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE ('HOTELPAC') C00001198 | $50,000 | 0.5% | 9 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Judy Chu, Max L. Miller, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 13 | Jun 24, 2026 |
| 24 | AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00077321 | $50,000 | 0.5% | 9 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Gwen Moore, Judy Chu, Mike Carey, Nathaniel Moran, Randy Feenstra, Rudy Yakym III | 17 | Jun 3, 2026 |
| 25 | AMERICAN CRYSTAL SUGAR COMPANY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE C00110338 | $50,000 | 0.5% | 7 | Aaron Bean, Beth Van Duyne, Darin LaHood, Jimmy Gomez, Judy Chu, Mike Carey, Randy Feenstra | 10 | Jun 4, 2026 |
What these numbers mean
- The committee received none of this money
- A congressional committee is a body of the House or Senate. It has no bank account, no FEC registration, and no campaign. Everything on this page belongs to the campaigns of the individual people who currently sit on it, or was spent independently about one of them by an outside organization.
- A contribution is not an independent expenditure
- A contribution is money a political committee gave to a member's own campaign committee, which that campaign received and reported. An independent expenditure is money spent about a member without coordinating with them; no campaign received or controlled it. The FEC treats these as different activities, and they are never combined here.
- The cohort is the roster, and the roster changes
- These figures cover whoever sits on the committee as of the roster date in the header. A member joining or leaving changes the cohort and its fingerprint, which is why both are printed: a figure quoted from this page can be checked against the exact roster it came from.
- Cohorts overlap and must not be added
- Members serve on several committees at once. A member's receipts appear in the cohort of every committee they sit on, so adding cohort totals across committees would count the same campaign's money many times over. No page here does that.
- A member is counted once
- Some members hold more than one FEC candidate identity, usually after moving from the House to the Senate. Their campaign is counted once in these totals, exactly as it is on their own page, and duplicate membership records for one person are one seat on the roster.
- Missing is not zero
- A member with no verified FEC identity, no filings for the cycle, or a partially collected record is listed with that reason and left out of every total, ranking, and chart. Treating any of them as zero would understate the cohort and misrepresent the member.
- Where the money went is not why
- A ranking of committees whose money reached members of one congressional committee is a description of filings. It is not evidence of influence, coordination, an agreement, or a reason for any vote, and nothing here is scored, weighted, or ranked to imply one.
Source: Federal Election Commission ↗. MyRepTracker ingests FEC records directly and does not add its own influence, risk, or corruption score.